This paper compares fuel consumption and emissions for two ethanol blends with gasoline (E50 and E85) for conventional (nonhybrid), and series-type plug-in hybrid vehicles. Each vehicle configuration results in different engine operating regimes and

The easy availability, lower well-to-wheel emissions, and relative ease of use associated with existing engine technology have made ethanol and ethanol-gasoline blends a viable alternative to gasoline for spark-ignition (SI) engines. The lower energy

On one hand, when higher-level ethanol blends are used, the higher latent heat of vaporization can result in cold-start issues. On the other hand, a higher octane number, which indicates resistance to knock and enables optimal combustion phasing, imp