a new swarm intelligence optimization method for discrete problems.

This paper presents a method for optimum tuning of Fractional PID controllers using PSO algorithm which have fractional or integer order transfer functions. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a robust stochastic optimization technique based on the

粒子群算法是目前人工智能的基础算法，本程序是初学者更好的学习遗传算法的基础-Particle swarm algorithm is the basic algorithm of artificial intelligence. This procedure is the basis of the better learning genetic algorithm for beginners.