本文考虑了一种新的系统模型，它结合了通用收发器硬件损伤在BSs（配备大型天线阵列）和单天线用户设备（UE）。与传统硬件的传统情况相反，我们表明硬件损伤在信道估计精度和每个UE的下行链路/上行链路容量上创建有限天花板。令人惊讶的是，容量主要受限于UE的硬件，而大规模阵列中的损伤的影响逐渐消失，并且用户间干扰（特别是导频污染）变得可以忽略不计。此外，我们证明了大量的MIMO所提供的巨大自由度可以用来减少发射功率和/或容忍较大的硬件损伤，这允许使用廉价和节能的天线元件。(This paper considers a new system model that incorporates general transceiver hardware impairments at both the BSs (equipped with large antenna arrays) and the single-antenna user equipments (UEs). As opposed to the conventional case of ideal hardware, we show that hardware impairments create finite ceilings on the channel estimation accuracy and on the downlink/uplink capacity of each UE. Surprisingly, the capacity is mainly limited by the hardware at the UE, while the impact of impairments in the large-scale arrays vanishes asymptotically and inter-user interference (in particular, pilot contamination) becomes negligible. Furthermore, we prove that the huge degrees of freedom offered by massive MIMO can be used to reduce the transmit power and/or to tolerate larger hardware impairments, which allows for the use of inexpensive and energy-efficient antenna elements.)