For many years, the standard model of an ionospheric channel used for analysis and performance evaluation of HF communications techniques has been the model of Watterson, as embodied in the ITU-R Recommendation Rec. F.1487.However, for the modern a

Abstract The key of developing high frequency wideband communication system is how to model the HF wideband channel. Some HF wideband models are discussed and compared in this paper, including Vogler model, parallel subband model, two impro